西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）

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(1)从主体认同的角度出发,多民族国家的民族认同一般可分为血缘集团的族属认同、文化共同体的族群认同、更高层次的国族认同以及政治共同体属性的国家认同。

(2)2016年3月,叙利亚库尔德人在叙北部库尔德控制区自行宣布成立自治区,但并未获得叙政府及国际社会承认。

(3)1917年俄国爆发十月革命,退出《赛克斯-皮科协定》,并将这一秘密协定公之于众。

(4)[美]迈克尔·赫克特在《遏制民族主义》一书中认为,在多民族政治体中,直接统治的发展常常会使政府出台政策促进文化同化,这些做法形成了国家建设民族主义。当这些做法失败时,就会激发国家边界之内拒绝被同化的外围民族主义,推动外围精英选择自治甚至分离的民族主义。参见[美]迈克尔·赫克特著、韩召颖译《遏制民族主义》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012年版。

(5)阿拉伯语被降为第三语言。

(6)复兴党政权一开始是反对“部族主义”的,但是海湾战争的惨败及库尔德人、什叶派起义迫使萨达姆转换了理念,将部族主义提升到国家意识形态的高度,萨达姆政权后期愈发依赖家族、宗族和部族来维持统治。